Introduction to Mill for Java

Mill is a fast JVM build tool that supports Java, speeding up common development workflows by 5-10x compared to Maven or SBT. Mill aims to make your JVM project’s build process performant, maintainable, and flexible even as it grows from a small project to a large codebase or monorepo with hundreds of modules:

Performance: Mill’s build graph automatically caches and parallelizes build tasks, minimizing the amount of work that needs to be done and keeping your workflows fast and responsive.
Maintainability: Mill build tasks are self contained without side-effects making it easy to trace the data-flow, and its IDE support (via IntelliJ or VSCode) lets you "jump-to-definition" around your build as easily as any application codebase.
Flexibility: Mill custom logic is written in custom build logic in type-checked code, rather than error-prone shell scripts, verbose AntRun XML, or complicated external plugins. Mill’s custom tasks and modules allow anything from adding simple pipelines, up to adding entire language toolchains, meaning it can be easily customized to fit exactly what you need.

Mill is used to build some real-world Java projects, such as the C3P0 JDBC Connection Pool, and can be used for applications built on top of common Java frameworks like Spring Boot or Micronaut.

Mill borrows ideas from other tools like Maven, Gradle, Bazel, but tries to learn from the strengths of each tool and improve on their weaknesses. Although Maven and Gradle are mature widely-used tools, they have fundamental limitations in their design (Maven Design, Gradle Design) that make them difficult to improve upon incrementally.

Compared to Maven:

Mill follows Maven’s innovation of good built-in defaults: Mill’s built-in JavaModules follow Maven’s "convention over configuration" style. Small mill projects require minimal effort to get started, and larger Mill projects have a consistent structure building on these defaults.
Mill makes customizing the build tool much easier than Maven. Projects usually grow beyond just compiling a single language: needing custom code generation, linting workflows, output artifacts, or support for additional languages. Mill makes doing this yourself easy, so you are not beholden to third-party plugins that may not exist, be well maintained, or interact well with each other.
Mill automatically caches and parallelizes your build: Not just the built-in tasks that Mill ships with, but also any custom tasks or modules. This maximizes performance and snappiness of your command-line build workflows, and especially matters in larger codebases where builds tend to get slow: a Maven clean install taking over a minute might take just a few seconds in Mill.

Compared to Gradle:

Mill follows Gradle’s conciseness: Rather than pages and pages of verbose XML, every line in a Mill build is meaningful. e.g. adding a dependency is 1 line in Mill, like it is in Gradle, and unlike the 5 line <dependency> declaration you find in Maven. Skimming and understanding a 100-line Mill build.sc file is often much easier than skimming the equivalent 500-line Maven pom.xml.
Mill builds are more easily understandable: While the impact of a Gradle config change can be hard to determine at a glance, the impact of a Mill config change is localized, only affecting downstream tasks. Your IDE can navigate Mill’s task graph and module tree just as easily as it can navigate the method call graph in a normal Java program, something impossible in tools like Maven or Gradle.
Mill enforces best practices by default. All Mill tasks are cached by default, even custom tasks. All Mill tasks write their output to disk a standard place. All task inter-dependencies are automatically captured, without needing manual annotation. All Mill builds are incremental, not just tasks but also configuration and other phases. Where Gradle requires considerable effort and expertise to maintain your build, Mill automates it so the easiest thing to do is almost always the right thing to do.

Mill build files are written in Scala, but you do not need to have prior experience in Scala to read or write them. Like Gradle Groovy or Maven XML, it’s easy to learn enough Scala for Mill without needing to become an expert in the language.

If you’re interested in the fundamental ideas behind Mill, rather than the user-facing benefits discussed above, the following presentation and companion blog post is a good introduction into what the Mill build tool is all about:

The rest of this page contains a quick introduction to getting start with using Mill to build a simple Java program. The other pages of this doc-site go into more depth, with more examples of how to use Mill and more details of how the Mill build tool works.

Simple Java Module

build.sc (download, browse)

import mill._, javalib._

object foo extends RootModule with JavaModule {
  def ivyDeps = Agg(
    ivy"net.sourceforge.argparse4j:argparse4j:0.9.0",
    ivy"org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.12.0"
  )

  object test extends JavaTests with TestModule.Junit4{
    def ivyDeps = super.ivyDeps() ++ Agg(
      ivy"com.google.guava:guava:33.2.1-jre"
    )
  }
}

This is a basic Mill build for a single JavaModule, with two third-party dependencies and a test suite using the JUnit framework. As a single-module project, it extends RootModule to mark object foo as the top-level module in the build. This lets us directly perform operations ./mill compile or ./mill run without needing to prefix it as foo.compile or foo.run.

You can download this example project using the download link above if you want to try out the commands below yourself. The only requirement is that you have some version of the JVM installed; the ./mill script takes care of any further dependencies that need to be downloaded.

The source code for this module lives in the src/ folder. Output for this module (compiled files, resolved dependency lists, …) lives in out/.

This example project uses two third-party dependencies - ArgParse4J for CLI argument parsing, Apache Commons Text for HTML escaping - and uses them to wrap a given input string in HTML templates with proper escaping.

You can run assembly to generate a standalone executable jar, which then can be run from the command line or deployed to be run elsewhere.

> ./mill resolve _ # List what tasks are available to run
assembly
...
clean
...
compile
...
run
...
show
...
inspect
...

> ./mill inspect compile # Show documentation and inputs of a task
compile(JavaModule...)
    Compiles the current module to generate compiled classfiles/bytecode.
Inputs:
    upstreamCompileOutput
    allSourceFiles
    compileClasspath
...

> ./mill compile # compile sources into classfiles
...
compiling 1 Java source to...

> ./mill run # run the main method, if any
error: argument -t/--text is required
...

> ./mill run --text hello
<h1>hello</h1>

> ./mill test
...
Test foo.FooTest.testEscaping finished, ...
Test foo.FooTest.testSimple finished, ...
Test run foo.FooTest finished: 0 failed, 0 ignored, 2 total, ...

> ./mill assembly # bundle classfiles and libraries into a jar for deployment

> ./mill show assembly # show the output of the assembly task
".../out/assembly.dest/out.jar"

> java -jar ./out/assembly.dest/out.jar --text hello
<h1>hello</h1>

> ./out/assembly.dest/out.jar --text hello # mac/linux
<h1>hello</h1>

The output of every Mill task is stored in the out/ folder under a name corresponding to the task that created it. e.g. The assembly task puts its metadata output in out/assembly.json, and its output files in out/assembly.dest. You can also use show to make Mill print out the metadata output for a particular task.

Additional Mill tasks you would likely need include:

$ mill runBackground # run the main method in the background

$ mill clean <task>  # delete the cached output of a task, terminate any runBackground

$ mill launcher      # prepares a foo/launcher.dest/run you can run later

$ mill jar           # bundle the classfiles into a jar suitable for publishing

$ mill -i console    # start a Scala console within your project

$ mill -i repl       # start an Ammonite Scala REPL within your project

You can run mill resolve __ to see a full list of the different tasks that are available, mill resolve _ to see the tasks within foo, mill inspect compile to inspect a task’s doc-comment documentation or what it depends on, or mill show foo.scalaVersion to show the output of any task.

The most common tasks that Mill can run are cached targets, such as compile, and un-cached commands such as foo.run. Targets do not re-evaluate unless one of their inputs changes, whereas commands re-run every time.

Custom Build Logic

build.sc (download, browse)

import mill._, javalib._

object foo extends RootModule with JavaModule {
  /** Total number of lines in module's source files */
  def lineCount = T{
    allSourceFiles().map(f => os.read.lines(f.path).size).sum
  }

  /** Generate resources using lineCount of sources */
  override def resources = T{
    os.write(T.dest / "line-count.txt", "" + lineCount())
    Seq(PathRef(T.dest))
  }
}

The addition of lineCount and resources overrides the previous resource folder provided by JavaModule (labelled resource.super below), replacing it with the destination folder of the new resources target, which is wired up lineCount:

> mill run
...
Line Count: 17

> mill show lineCount
17

> mill inspect lineCount
lineCount(build.sc:...)
    Total number of lines in module's source files
Inputs:
    allSourceFiles

Above, def lineCount is a new build target we define, which makes use of allSourceFiles (an existing target) and is in-turn used in our override of resources (also an existing target). os.read.lines and os.write come from the OS-Lib library, which is bundled with Mill. This generated file can then be loaded and used at runtime, as see in the output of `mill run

While this is a toy example, it shows how easy it is to customize your Mill build to include the kinds of custom logic common in the build config of most real-world projects.

This customization is done in a principled fashion familiar to most programmers - object-orienting overrides - rather than ad-hoc monkey-patching or mutation common in other build tools. You never have "spooky action at a distance" affecting your build / graph definition, and your IDE can always help you find the final override of any particular build target as well as where any overriden implementations may be defined.

Unlike normal methods, custom user-defined targets in Mill benefit from all the same things that built-in targets do: automatic caching, parallelism (with the -j/--jobs flag), inspectability (via show/inspect), and so on.

While these things may not matter for such a simple example that runs quickly, they ensure that custom build logic remains performant and maintainable even as the complexity of your project grows.

Multi-Module Project

build.sc (download, browse)

import mill._, javalib._

trait MyModule extends JavaModule{
  object test extends JavaTests with TestModule.Junit4
}

object foo extends MyModule{
  def moduleDeps = Seq(bar)
  def ivyDeps = Agg(
    ivy"net.sourceforge.argparse4j:argparse4j:0.9.0",
  )
}

object bar extends MyModule{
  def ivyDeps = Agg(
    ivy"net.sourceforge.argparse4j:argparse4j:0.9.0",
    ivy"org.apache.commons:commons-text:1.12.0"
  )
}

This example contains a simple Mill build with two modules, foo and bar. We don’t mark either module as top-level using extends RootModule, so running tasks needs to use the module name as the prefix e.g. foo.run or bar.run. You can define multiple modules the same way you define a single module, using def moduleDeps to define the relationship between them.

Note that we split out the test submodule configuration common to both modules into a separate trait MyModule. This lets us avoid the need to copy-paste common settings, while still letting us define any per-module configuration such as ivyDeps specific to a particular module.

The above builds expect the following project layout:

build.sc
foo/
    src/
        foo/
            Foo.java
    resources/
        ...
bar/
    src/
        bar/
            Bar.java
    resources/
        ...
out/
    foo/
        compile.json
        compile.dest/
        ...
    bar/
        compile.json
        compile.dest/
        ...

Typically, both source code and output files in Mill follow the module hierarchy, so e.g. input to the foo module lives in foo/src/ and compiled output files live in out/foo/compile.dest.

> mill resolve __.run
foo.run
bar.run

> mill foo.run --foo-text hello --bar-text world
Foo.value: hello
Bar.value: <h1>world</h1>

> mill bar.run world
Bar.value: <h1>world</h1>

> mill bar.test
...
...bar.BarTests.simple...
...bar.BarTests.escaping...

Mill’s evaluator will ensure that the modules are compiled in the right order, and recompiled as necessary when source code in each module changes.

You can use wildcards and brace-expansion to select multiple targets at once or to shorten the path to deeply nested targets. If you provide optional target arguments and your wildcard or brace-expansion is resolved to multiple targets, the arguments will be applied to each of the targets.

Table 1. Wildcards and brace-expansion
Wildcard	Function
`_`	matches a single segment of the target path
`__`	matches arbitrary segments of the target path
`{a,b}`	is equal to specifying two targets `a` and `b`

You can use the ` symbol to add another target with optional arguments. If you need to feed a ` as argument to your target, you can mask it by preceding it with a backslash (\).

Examples

mill foo._.compile: Runs compile for all direct sub-modules of foo
mill foo.__.test: Runs test for all sub-modules of foo
mill {foo,bar}.__.testCached: Runs testCached for all sub-modules of foo and bar
mill __.compile + foo.__.test: Runs all compile targets and all tests under foo.

Watch and Re-evaluate

You can use the --watch flag to make Mill watch a task’s inputs, re-evaluating the task as necessary when the inputs change:

$ mill --watch foo.compile
$ mill --watch foo.run
$ mill -w foo.compile
$ mill -w foo.run

Mill’s --watch flag watches both the files you are building using Mill, as well as Mill’s own build.sc file and anything it imports, so any changes to your build.sc will automatically get picked up.

For long-running processes like web servers, you can use runBackground to make sure they recompile and restart when code changes, forcefully terminating the previous process even though it may be still alive:

$ mill -w foo.compile
$ mill -w foo.runBackground

Parallel Task Execution

By default, mill will evaluate all tasks in sequence. But mill also supports processing tasks in parallel. This feature is currently experimental and we encourage you to report any issues you find on our bug tracker.

To enable parallel task execution, use the --jobs (-j) option followed by a number of maximal parallel threads.

Example: Use up to 4 parallel threads to compile all modules:

mill -j 4 __.compile

To use as many threads as your machine has (logical) processor cores use --jobs 0. To disable parallel execution use --jobs 1. This is currently the default.

mill -j generates an output file in out/mill-chrome-profile.json that can be loaded into the Chrome browser’s chrome://tracing page for visualization. This can make it much easier to analyze your parallel runs to find out what’s taking the most time:

Please note that the maximal possible parallelism depends on your project. Tasks that depend on each other can’t be processed in parallel.

Command-line usage

Mill is a command-line tool and supports various options.

Run mill --help for a complete list of options

Output of mill --help

Mill Build Tool, version 0.11.13
usage: mill [options] [[target [target-options]] [+ [target ...]]]
  -D --define <k=v>                 Define (or overwrite) a system property.
  -b --bell                         Ring the bell once if the run completes successfully, twice if
                                    it fails.
  --bsp                             Enable BSP server mode.
  --color <bool>                    Enable or disable colored output; by default colors are enabled
                                    in both REPL and scripts mode if the console is interactive, and
                                    disabled otherwise.
  -d --debug                        Show debug output on STDOUT
  --disable-callgraph-invalidation  Disable the fine-grained callgraph-based target invalidation in
                                    response to code changes, and instead fall back to the previous
                                    coarse-grained implementation relying on the script `import
                                    $file` graph
  --disable-ticker                  Disable ticker log (e.g. short-lived prints of stages and
                                    progress bars).
  --enable-ticker <bool>            Enable ticker log (e.g. short-lived prints of stages and
                                    progress bars).
  -h --home <path>                  (internal) The home directory of internally used Ammonite script
                                    engine; where it looks for config and caches.
  --help                            Print this help message and exit.
  -i --interactive                  Run Mill in interactive mode, suitable for opening REPLs and
                                    taking user input. This implies --no-server and no mill server
                                    will be used. Must be the first argument.
  --import <str>                    Additional ivy dependencies to load into mill, e.g. plugins.
  -j --jobs <int>                   Allow processing N targets in parallel. Use 1 to disable
                                    parallel and 0 to use as much threads as available processors.
  -k --keep-going                   Continue build, even after build failures.
  --meta-level <int>                Experimental: Select a meta-build level to run the given
                                    targets. Level 0 is the normal project, level 1 the first
                                    meta-build, and so on. The last level is the built-in synthetic
                                    meta-build which Mill uses to bootstrap the project.
  --no-server                       Run Mill in single-process mode. In this mode, no Mill server
                                    will be started or used. Must be the first argument.
  -s --silent                       Make ivy logs during script import resolution go silent instead
                                    of printing; though failures will still throw exception.
  -v --version                      Show mill version information and exit.
  -w --watch                        Watch and re-run your scripts when they change.
  target <str>...                   The name or a pattern of the target(s) you want to build,
                                    followed by any parameters you wish to pass to those targets. To
                                    specify multiple target names or patterns, use the `+`
                                    separator.

All options must be given before the first target.